Reciprocal Teaching

Background

Reciprocal Teaching is a strategy that asks students and teachers to share the role of teacher by allowing both to lead the discussion about a given reading. Reciprocal Teaching involves four strategies that guide the discussion: predicting, question generating, summarizing and clarifying.

Benefits
Reciprocal Teaching is a great way to teach students how to determine important ideas from a reading while discussing vocabulary, developing ideas and questions, and summarizing information. It can be used across several content areas; it works particularly well with textbooks and non-fiction text.

Create and use the strategy

Break the classroom into mixed-ability small groups. Designate one student as the "teacher" within each small group. This student will help keep their small group on task and ensure they move through each of the four steps as they read material that has already been divided it into smaller chunks by you. Next, you will read the first chunk to all the small groups, modeling the following four steps of reciprocal teaching.

1. Prediction
   
   1. Ask students to predict what they think the reading may be about. Get them to think about what is going to happen by asking questions like a detective might do.
2. Question as you go
   
   1. Remind students to generate questions as they listen and read. Remind them of the three levels of questions:
      1. Right-There questions (answer in the text)
      2. Between-the-lines questions (inference needed)
      3. Critical Thought questions (require their opinion)
3. Clarify
   
   1. As students listen and read remind them to ask themselves what words and phrases are unclear to them. These clarifications may take the form of the following questions.
      1. How do you pronounce that?
      2. What does the word mean?
      3. I think the author is saying…
      4. I'm guessing 'pie-in-the-sky' means…
Summarize
1. Students summarize verbally, within pairs, and then share with their assigned small group or record their summary and read it aloud to their small group.
2. Each small group could create a semantic map with major points of significance shared by each group member.

There's a little picture with less information, where you can get a better understanding of these steps. 

After you have modeled the previous steps, students may continue working in their small groups by silently or orally reading the next sections of the reading while conducting the four-step process.

What it looks like…


Fisher, D., and Frey, N, (2004). Improving Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.


Palincsar, A. S. & Brown, A. (1984). Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension Monitoring Activities. Cognition and Instruction, 1(2), pp. 117-175.

Drawing two popular logos and describing them

The Google Logo

The Google logo appears in numerous settings to identify the search engine company. Google has relied on several logos since its renaming from BackRub, with the first logo created by Sergey Brin using GIMP. A revised logo debuted on September 1, 2015. The previous logo, with slight modifications between 1999 and 2013, was designed by Ruth Kedar; the wordmark was based on the Catull typeface, an old style serif typeface designed by Gustav Jaeger for the Berthold Type Foundry in 1982.





The Nike Logo

The Nike "Swoosh" is a corporate trademark created in 1971 by Carolyn Davidson, while she was a graphic design student at Portland State University. She met Phil Knight while he was teaching accounting classes and she started doing some freelance work for his company, Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS).

For seven years after its founding in 1964, BRS imported Onitsuka Tiger brand running shoes. In 1971, BRS decided to launch its own brand, which would first appear on a football boot called the Nike, manufactured in Mexico. Knight approached Davidson for design ideas for this new brand, and she agreed to provide them. Over the ensuing weeks, she created at least a half-dozen marks and gathered them together to present to Knight, Bob Woodell and Jeff Johnson (two BRS executives) at the company's home office, at the time located in Tigard, Oregon.

They ultimately selected the mark now known globally as the Swoosh. "I don't love it," Knight told her, "but I think it will grow on me." For her services, the company paid her $35 ($206 in 2015 dollars). In September 1983, Knight gave Davidson a golden Swoosh ring with an embedded diamond, and an envelope filled with Nike stock to express his gratitude.

In June 1972, the first running shoes bearing the Swoosh were introduced at the U.S. Track and Field Olympic Trials in Eugene, Oregon. Until 1995, the official corporate logo for Nike featured the name Nike in Futura Bold, all-cap font, cradled within the Swoosh. In 1995, Nike began using the stand-alone Swoosh as its corporate logo as a form of debranding, and continues to use it that way today.

Fees for the internet - How it works?

Everyone has seen some images, videos or what else about products and services on internet, but, Do you wonder how they get proftis?. Well this is called "Online Adverstising" also called online marketing or in some cases, Internet Adverstising, is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional messages to consumers. It includes email marketing (I hete it), search engine marketing (SEM), social media marketing (better known as a way to manipulate promotional information in a social network), many types of display advertising (including web banner advertising), and mobile advertising. Like other advertising media, online advertising frequently involves both a publisher, who integreates advertisements into its online content, and an advertiser, who provides ther advertisements to be desplayed on the publisher's content.

Other potential participants include advertising agencies who help generate and place the Ad copy, an Ad Server which technologically delivers the Ad and tracks statistics, and advertising affiliates who do independent promotional work for the advertiser.

In 2011, Internet advertising revenues in the United States surpassed those of cable television and nearly exceeded those of broadcast television. In 2013, Internet advertising revenues in the United States totaled $42.8 billion, a 17% increase over the $36.57 billion in revenues in 2012. U.S. internet ad revenue hit a historic high of $20.1 billion for the first half of 2013, up 18% over the same period in 2012. Online advertising is widely used across virtually all industry sectors.

Many common online advertising practices are controversial and increasingly subject to regulation. Online ad revenues may not adequately replace other publishers' revenue streams. Declining ad revenue has led some publishers to hide their content behind paywalls.

Compensation methods

Advertisers and publishers use a wide range of payment calculation methods. In 2012, advertisers calculated 32% of online advertising transactions on a cost-per-impression basis, 66% on customer performance (e.g. cost per click or cost per acquisition), and 2% on hybrids of impression and performance methods.

CPM (cost per mille)
Cost per mille, often abbreviated to CPM, means that advertisers pay for every thousand displays of their message to potential customers (mille is the Latin word for thousand). In the online context, ad displays are usually called "impressions." Definitions of an "impression" vary among publishers,and some impressions may not be charged because they don't represent a new exposure to an actual customer. Advertisers can use technologies such as web bugs to verify if an impression is actually delivered.

Publishers use a variety of techniques to increase page views, such as dividing content across multiple pages, repurposing someone else's content, using sensational titles, or publishing tabloid or sexual content.

CPM advertising is susceptible to "impression fraud,” and advertisers who want visitors to their sites may not find per-impression payments a good proxy for the results they desire.

CPC (cost per click)
CPC (Cost Per Click) or PPC (Pay per click) means advertisers pay each time a user clicks on the ad. CPC advertising works well when advertisers want visitors to their sites, but it's a less accurate measurement for advertisers looking to build brand awareness. CPC's market share has grown each year since its introduction, eclipsing CPM to dominate two-thirds of all online advertising compensation methods.

Like impressions, not all recorded clicks are valuable to advertisers. GoldSpot Media reported that up to 50% of clicks on static mobile banner ads are accidental and resulted in redirected visitors leaving the new site immediately.

CPE (cost per engagement)
Cost per engagement aims to track not just that an ad unit loaded on the page (i.e., an impression was served), but also that the viewer actually saw and/or interacted with the ad.

CPV (cost per view)
Cost per view video advertising. Both Google and TubeMogul endorsed this standardized CPV metric to the IAB's (Interactive Advertising Bureau) Digital Video Committee, and it's garnering a notable amount of industry support.

Other performance-based compensation
CPA (Cost Per Action or Cost Per Acquisition) or PPP (Pay Per Performance) advertising means the advertiser pays for the number of users who perform a desired activity, such as completing a purchase or filling out a registration form. Performance-based compensation can also incorporate revenue sharing, where publishers earn a percentage of the advertiser's profits made as a result of the ad. Performance-based compensation shifts the risk of failed advertising onto publishers.

Fixed cost
Fixed cost compensation means advertisers pay a fixed cost for delivery of ads online, usually over a specified time period, irrespective of the ad's visibility or users' response to it. One examples is CPD (cost per day) where advertisers pay a fixed cost for publishing an ad for a day irrespective of impressions served or clicks.

Benefits of online advertising

Cost
The low costs of electronic communication reduce the cost of displaying online advertisements compared to offline ads. Online advertising, and in particular social media, provides a low-cost means for advertisers to engage with large established communities. Advertising online offers better returns than in other media.

Measurability
Online advertisers can collect data on their ads' effectiveness, such as the size of the potential audience or actual audience response, how a visitor reached their advertisement, whether the advertisement resulted in a sale, and whether an ad actually loaded within a visitor's view. This helps online advertisers improve their ad campaigns over time.

Formatting
Advertisers have a wide variety of ways of presenting their promotional messages, including the ability to convey images, video, audio, and links. Unlike many offline ads, online ads also can be interactive. For example, some ads let users input queries or let users follow the advertiser on social media. Online ads can even incorporate games.

Targeting
Publishers can offer advertisers the ability to reach customizable and narrow market segments for targeted advertising. Online advertising may use geo-targeting to display relevant advertisements to the user's geography. Advertisers can customize each individual ad to a particular user based on the user's previous preferences. Advertisers can also track whether a visitor has already seen a particular ad in order to reduce unwanted repetitious exposures and provide adequate time gaps between exposures.

Coverage
Online advertising can reach nearly every global market, and online advertising influences offline sales.

Speed
Once ad design is complete, online ads can be deployed immediately. The delivery of online ads does not need to be linked to the publisher's publication schedule. Furthermore, online advertisers can modify or replace ad copy more rapidly than their offline counterparts.

First, Second and Third Conditional

What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past) . They are made using different English verb tenses.

	The First Conditional	The Second Conditional	The Third Conditional
If Clause	If + Present tense	If + Past Simple	If + Past Perfect tense
Main Clause	will / can / may / must + verb	would / could / might + verb	would/could/might + have + past participle
Structure	If + Subject Pronoun + Verb in Present + Complement, Subject Pronoun + (will / can / may / must) + verb in present + Complement	If + Subject Pronoun + Verb in Past + Complement, Subject Pronoun + (would / could / might) + verb in present + Complement	If + Subject Pronoun + Verb in Past Perfect + Complement, Subject Pronoun + (would/could/might + have) + past participle + Complement
Example	If you drink too much, you'll get drunk.	If they spoke Spanish, we would understand them.	If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have phoned him.
Description	Real or Possible Situation	hypothetical situation	hypothetical situation from the past

Harry Potter's spell to hack Macs

Who says magic does not exist? A spell of Harry Potter can hack Macs. Yes, in real life, not in the world of J. K. Rowling.

Let no one be alarmed, be Mac user will not put you in the spotlight of the Dementors and the dark lord will capture your soul. What is certain is that a spell of Harry Potter holds a clue to hack Macs although it is unlikely that you get to suffer in your computer. This key is found in the SMC of Apple computers.

The SMC, or System Management Controller is a chip that controls some of the low-level functions of the bitten apple computers since migrated to Intel processors, such as voltage regulation and battery management, in addition to temporarily store FileVault passwords. Precisely for managing low-level tasks, gain access to the SMC is to open a huge door by which to hack Macs.

What Harry Potter painting in? For he sees that any fan of the series belonged to the team developing the SMC. The NoSuchCon security conference has been exploited by Alex Ionescu, a security expert at a low level, to reveal that exists within the SCM code is activated when the word "SpecialisRevelio", a known spell of Harry Potter saga, precisely, was used in the creative world by JK Rowling to reveal hidden charms.

Let no one be alarmed. The method for accessing the SMC is much more complicated than just typing "SpecialisRevelio" into a terminal window. To hack Macs by this method are needed fairly deep knowledge and physical access to the computer in question. Therefore it is quite unlikely that anyone exploited this method to simply steal the pictures of kittens on the hard disk. Other topic Macs are used daily by world leaders such as Barack Obama.

What that serves to access the SMC? For no good for the owner of the target machine. For example, could be infected with malicious code to steal the keys to FileVault, or schedule a date and time when the computer is turned off and never turned back on, leaving it useless. As the SCM also controls fans, voltages or manages a laptop battery, hack Macs with this method can cause irreversible damage to the equipment.

The most effective way to defend against this attack, apart from not become world leaders and store vital information worth stealing, is to ensure that no one but us have access to our team, so we will not need to entrenéis your Patronus.

Microsoft Announces Launch of Windows 8.1 free this year

Finally, after countless rumors and leaks, the giant city of Redmond, Microsoft, has been presented the opportunity to confirm the launch of Windows Blue, although the first major upgrade to Windows 8 will not come with that name; rather with the title of Windows 8.1. Best of all is that Tami Reller, Chief Financial Officer of Microsoft, says that this update will be available free of charge to all users of Windows PCs or tablets with Windows 8 or RT, incorporating great new features.

For this latest version of windows operating system is expected the arrival of some functions and features that the public has been asking for the last few months, as the return of the Home button, which with the new modern interface of Windows 8, Microsoft had decided to delete after so many years.

And the executive claims that Microsoft has been very attentive to requests, comments and requests from the public regarding its platform, the most used in the world of computers. Many users even reluctant to upgrade to Windows 8 because of this sudden change of interface, which resulted in the slight impact of the platform in the first year of life. Because although they have positioned 100 million licenses of Windows 8 in the world, this has everything to do with computers that are sold bring the platform installed, rather than buying a license with users.

Finally, also commented on the arrival of Windows 8 to mobile devices with small size screens. The goal would be to offer Windows 8 tablets panels and seven or eight inches, and low cost to get started in this profitable market.

As of June 26 available test version of Windows 8.1 for all age groups.